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Postdoctoral programs3—of which there are several in the sciences and engineering (S&E)— are of critical importance in providing additional research training, knowledge, and opportunities to bridge higher education with the start of a career in S&E. D.s do go straight into full-time employment, a large number of doctorates view a few years as a postdoc to be a valuable opportunity to build skills and a reputation and a chance to experiment in the labor market.

FEDERAL PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT POSTDOCS IN S&E According to the GAO (2005:3), there were 207 “education programs funded in fiscal year 2004 that were designed to increase the numbers of students and graduates pursuing STEM4 degrees and occupations or improve educational programs in STEM fields….” Included in these 3 A postdoctoral position or “postdoc” is a temporary position awarded in academia, industry, non-profits, or government primarily for gaining additional education and training in research.

Recently, however, corporate, government, and national scientific and technical leaders have expressed concern that pressures on the science and technology enterprise could seriously erode this past success and jeopardize future U. Many of the report’s recommendations were later echoed in the American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI), introduced by President Bush in his State of the Union Address on January 31, 2006.

The Programs were established in 1954, modeled after the Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship program administered by the NRC from 1919 to 1955.

NIST was the first sponsor: “The initial sponsorship of the RAP was through the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) in 1954.

Table 1-1 lists several programs administered by National Research Council Fellowships Office.

5 While these programs focus on individual postdocs, other programs target academic institutions with funding to support groups of postdocs.